diff --git a/internal/runner/runner.go b/internal/runner/runner.go
index f24adcf..625ff26 100644
--- a/internal/runner/runner.go
+++ b/internal/runner/runner.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -312,6 +313,25 @@ func Run(ctx context.Context, options Options) (Summary, error) {
 	return summary, nil
 }
 
+// RenderSummary writes the human-facing run summary: step count, each violation
+// record, and any unsupported verbs. The wall-clock duration is excluded so the
+// output is deterministic and snapshot-testable; the CLI prints it separately.
+func RenderSummary(w io.Writer, summary Summary, platform string) {
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nrun complete: %d steps\n", summary.Steps)
+	if len(summary.Violations) == 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintln(w, "no violations.")
+	} else {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d violation record(s):\n", len(summary.Violations))
+		for _, violation := range summary.Violations {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "  step %d: %v\n", violation.StepIndex, violation.Properties)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(summary.UnsupportedVerbs) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "unsupported on %s: %s\n",
+			platform, strings.Join(summary.UnsupportedVerbs, ", "))
+	}
+}
+
 func validate(options Options) error {
 	if options.Driver == nil {
 		return errors.New("runner: Driver is required")
diff --git a/internal/testrun/testrun.go b/internal/testrun/testrun.go
index 37c1b00..f2c26f8 100644
--- a/internal/testrun/testrun.go
+++ b/internal/testrun/testrun.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
-	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/priyanshujain/sanderling/internal/android"
@@ -166,19 +165,8 @@ func Execute(ctx context.Context, options Options, stdout io.Writer) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("runner: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "\nrun complete: %d steps in %s\n", summary.Steps, summary.EndTime.Sub(summary.StartTime).Round(time.Millisecond))
-	if len(summary.Violations) == 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintln(stdout, "no violations.")
-	} else {
-		fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "%d violation record(s):\n", len(summary.Violations))
-		for _, violation := range summary.Violations {
-			fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "  step %d: %v\n", violation.StepIndex, violation.Properties)
-		}
-	}
-	if len(summary.UnsupportedVerbs) > 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "unsupported on %s: %s\n",
-			options.Platform, strings.Join(summary.UnsupportedVerbs, ", "))
-	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "\nelapsed: %s\n", summary.EndTime.Sub(summary.StartTime).Round(time.Millisecond))
+	runner.RenderSummary(stdout, summary, options.Platform)
 	return nil
 }