diff --git a/pkg/spec/src/index.ts b/pkg/spec/src/index.ts
index 4ac8c31..4f75729 100644
--- a/pkg/spec/src/index.ts
+++ b/pkg/spec/src/index.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ export type {
   InputTextAction,
   Key,
   KnownAttrSelectors,
+  LastAction,
   LogEntry,
   Point,
   PressKeyAction,
diff --git a/pkg/spec/src/types.ts b/pkg/spec/src/types.ts
index f748d83..c28fd05 100644
--- a/pkg/spec/src/types.ts
+++ b/pkg/spec/src/types.ts
@@ -102,10 +102,20 @@ export interface ExceptionRecord {
   unixMillis?: number;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The previous step's action as the runner reports it. `applied` is true when
+ * the runner saw the dispatch succeed and null when the apply call failed with
+ * the gesture possibly already delivered: an RPC deadline can fire after the
+ * tap landed. Null is unknown, not "it did not happen" (`state.lastAction` is
+ * itself null for that), so a property attributing an effect to this action
+ * has to decline unless `applied` is true.
+ */
+export type LastAction = Action & { applied: true | null };
+
 export interface State {
   snapshots: Snapshots;
   ax: AccessibilityTree;
-  lastAction: Action | null;
+  lastAction: LastAction | null;
   time: number;
   logs: readonly LogEntry[];
   exceptions: readonly ExceptionRecord[];